Literary Criticism

Open Access Article

1 - Reviewing and Criticism of Research Articles on Literature in 1380 (2000) Decade
عبدالله راز Ahmad razi

Publishing research articles in contemporary period is an appropriate chance to share research findings of different scholars and informing audiences about new scientific achievements. Although their publishing have been quantitatively increasing in recent decade, there More

Publishing research articles in contemporary period is an appropriate chance to share research findings of different scholars and informing audiences about new scientific achievements. Although their publishing have been quantitatively increasing in recent decade, there were no due attention to their assessment and criticism. This article, with a descriptive-analytic method, assesses those kinds of research articles published from 1381/2001 to 1390/2011. The research expresses advantages and disadvantages of these articles and presents a picture of the status of scientific article writing in domain of literary studies. In so doing, 345 articles were selected as examples and most important subjects under focus of authors were identified and were classified in frame of text-based, context-based, author-based, reader-based, and different articles. Moreover, patterns of cooperation between authors, and quality and quantity of used resources in these articles were presented in different charts and tables. As this issue is so important and to assess the accuracy of obtained results from main sample size, another set of 345 articles were exactly reviewed in two groups of “evidence 1” and “evidence 2”. This review shows that although articles have various subjects, apply different kinds of resources, consider some interdisciplinary approaches particularly in second half of this decade relative accuracy in composing coherent articles, specialty of some journals related to literature and considerable increase of university instructors and students cooperation in publishing articles, there are lots of deficiencies in these articles, like methodology, dominance of descriptive approach, repeated contents, lack of critical view, high frequency of education-based articles, and spread of quantitative and formal criteria and so on… Manuscript profile

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2 - The Comparison of “Shirin and Xosru” by Rouh-al-Amin Shahrestani-e Isfahani with “Xosru and Shirin” By Nezami Ganjavi
Mohammad Ali Khazanehdarlou بهروز سلطانی

Rouh-al-Amin Shahrestani-e Isfahani named Mir Jomle was born in 981 (L. Hegira) in “Shahrestan environs of Isfahan and died in 1047 Hegira due to jerk and knock kneed maladies in New Delhi. In spite the fact that he was a minister and one of the overwrought and hardwork More

Rouh-al-Amin Shahrestani-e Isfahani named Mir Jomle was born in 981 (L. Hegira) in “Shahrestan environs of Isfahan and died in 1047 Hegira due to jerk and knock kneed maladies in New Delhi. In spite the fact that he was a minister and one of the overwrought and hardworking poets of his time. Imitating Nezami Ganjavi, he has composed a Xamse. He has nearly thirty thousand couplets. His method in poetry is one that Kalim, glorifying him, has said: “he sewed the clothes of words into the meanings”. The comparison of comparables with the original work can help us identify the literary work, and the reasons of its survival and success. Comparing the content, structures and language of Shirin and Xosru” by Rouh-al-Amin Shahrestani-e Isfahani poem With “Xosru and Shirin” By Nezami Ganjavi’s peom, this article attempts to review the differences and similarities between these two poems. Some parts of Rouh-al-Amin’s work which is imitated from Nezami Ganjavi has a different expression method. Many of words, phrases and expressions used by Nezami have gotten new frames in his poetry, which are cheaper than the original work by Nezami Ganjavi. Rouh-al-Amin did not tend a lot to newness in phrases and expression and words and mostly attempts to change narrations and events of stories. Manuscript profile

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3 - The Traces of Ideology in the Early Literary Works of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
قدرت الله طاهری

One of the greatest Iranian novelists is Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, who is celebrated enough in the literary society of Iran and to some extent in the world due to his creative works. He has also gone forward in his works step by step, like every other author. In fact, he has More

One of the greatest Iranian novelists is Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, who is celebrated enough in the literary society of Iran and to some extent in the world due to his creative works. He has also gone forward in his works step by step, like every other author. In fact, he has been affected by various and continually renovating discourses of contemporary history of Iran in such a manner that a part of his works has been written in response to theses discourses. In this research, the direct and indirect impacts of ideology and common discourses on Dowlatabadi’s novelettes in 40th and 50th decades are studied in terms of their being between novel and short story. These works were promising with a great author regarding to the writing of Kelidar, Missing Soluch, Bygone Days of the Elderly, although they might have a range of weak points as well. Furthermore, in choosing the themes and the characters which he has created and developed through his novelette, he may have been influenced by the ideology and discourses of his own time without being conscious. Finally, the topics used in his novelettes as well as the characters are not in harmony with their roots and their local culture, that is, they are not created for the referred culture and the characters just speak in Persian and wear local cloths without having any other common root with the country they live. Manuscript profile

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4 - Deviation from the Norms in Nezami’s Khamseh
زينب نوروزي

Nezami Ganjavi employs a complex symbolic language in his poetry. His frequent play with words is an attempt to emotionally affect the readers. The present paper is a study of the language Nezami used in his poetry, based on the formalist theory of the deviation from t More

Nezami Ganjavi employs a complex symbolic language in his poetry. His frequent play with words is an attempt to emotionally affect the readers. The present paper is a study of the language Nezami used in his poetry, based on the formalist theory of the deviation from the norms. A prominent aspect of deviation from norms is to use words for meanings other than their usual ones; this has frequently been used in Khamseh. Studying such deviations helps to discover the artistic and poetic techniques of Nazami’s literary creation. Nezami has created his poems by deviation from standard language, and defamiliarization. Notably, the later should be studied regarding the linguistic norms and the time when they were in use. In the construction of Nezami’s poems, deviations of musical, lexical, syntactic, and semantic types play a crucial role. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - «Stream of Consciousness» in the Stories by «Mostafa Mastoor»
آرش مشفقی ناصر علیزاده خیّاط

As the colossal movement of »modernism« in the 20th century bloomed, it dominated all aspects of human life. Literature too, faced a metamorphosis in the form of novel, and emergence of new ways in narration. The term »Stream of Consciousness« was first used by the Amer More

As the colossal movement of »modernism« in the 20th century bloomed, it dominated all aspects of human life. Literature too, faced a metamorphosis in the form of novel, and emergence of new ways in narration. The term »Stream of Consciousness« was first used by the American psychologist »William James« in psychology, then entered the field of literature and became one of the modern narrative techniques. The present study has attempted to, first, give a brief description of the main features of the ‘stream of consciousness’, and then, investigate those features in some of the stories written by the contemporary modern Iranian writer, ‘Mostafa Mastoor’. In other words, the present paper tries to find the answer to the question of the possibility of classifying some of Mastoor’s stories under the title of “stream of consciousness”, as some critics believes. It should be noted that the term ‘stream of consciousness’ is used for the stories having all or most of the features known for it. Therefore, the selected works of Mastoor's as samples do not mean that they are fully written under the rules of the ‘stream of consciousness’, rather, they aim at probing the strength of its effects in these works. Manuscript profile

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6 - Nativism and its Influence on Persian Modern Fiction (1320-1357 S.H.)
Alireza Siddiqui

Nativism was a reaction from the intellectuals who aimed at catching the attentions of their addressees to their roots and origins. Many countries experiencing colonialism, turned their attention to the subject, and naturally, different intellectual communities in Iran More

Nativism was a reaction from the intellectuals who aimed at catching the attentions of their addressees to their roots and origins. Many countries experiencing colonialism, turned their attention to the subject, and naturally, different intellectual communities in Iran responded to it, as well. Analysing pre-Revolution literary movements, we can find nativism, a movement usually ignored by the critics. The stories written during this movement criticizes the others, and the government following the others, and draw the people’s attention to their roots. In the present article, reviewing briefly Iran’s historical, social, cultural and literature conditions during the years 1320 to 1357 (S.H.), we have shown the main features of these stories, including, nativism, caring about Iranian-Islamic identity. The research reveals that during the 1320s and 1330s, the feature of nativism fades. The policies of Pahlavi regime in these two decades, and the way he treats the intellectuals create conditions which ultimately leads in their indifference to nativism. But the influence of the intellectual movements, particularly, the thoughts of Al Ahmad and Shari’ati, and the changes in the social condition of the country from 1342 on strengthens it in 1340s and 135s. Manuscript profile

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7 - A Comparison between " Leili-o-Majnoon" of Abdi-beik Navidi and That of Nezami
Farhad Doroudgarian

Abdi-beik Navidi is among the "mostofi"-s, historians and poets of Shah-Tahmasb age. Imitating Nezami, he attempted to write "Xamse" two times in his lifetime. Despite the fact that Abdi-beik is considered as a pioneer of the movement of imitating Nezami, and in compari More

Abdi-beik Navidi is among the "mostofi"-s, historians and poets of Shah-Tahmasb age. Imitating Nezami, he attempted to write "Xamse" two times in his lifetime. Despite the fact that Abdi-beik is considered as a pioneer of the movement of imitating Nezami, and in comparison with the other poets of his time, his work has been studied less in Iran. The focus of the present article is to inquire about the poetic characteristics of Abdi-beik's " Majnoon-o-Leili", in a comparative manner. Comparing its content and structural- linguistic features, the article also studies the poet's Kalǎmi and Shi'atic points of view, his approach towards poetry, women, love, as well as his fictional and artistic aspects of his poems, such as descriptions, images, vocabulary repertoire and so on. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Power Relations In "Shazdeh Ehtejab" Novel
محمدعلي غلامي‌نژاد Zainab Saberpour

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power More

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power from a CDA approach. To do this, we closely studied the artistic and fictional arrangements of the text, analyzed it as a discourse product of its historical context. Considering the events and the figures of the time when this novel was written, and its social- political context reveals that the contrast between the intellectuals and the totalitarian government has drawn the author toward the meaningful selection of historical events. Under the influence of the intellectual discourse of his time, Golshiri represents the power and violence, leading to the degradation of Qajar royal family. In this way he has set a balanced analogue between his work and the social- political conditions during Pahlavi's regime. Manuscript profile

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9 - The Transformation of Symbols in Contemporary Poetry
حسن شاهی‌پور Mohammad خسروی شکیب

The symbols have the potential to change through time and history and revolve in concept and meaning. Symbolic tendency in the domain of contemporary literature is a result of the tyrannical situation and the dictator governments, added to the cautiousness and fear of m More

The symbols have the potential to change through time and history and revolve in concept and meaning. Symbolic tendency in the domain of contemporary literature is a result of the tyrannical situation and the dictator governments, added to the cautiousness and fear of media censorship, and stylistic transformations. All this can be furthermore combined with the delicate attempts taken for artistic enrichment; known as ‘ambiguity’, while it also intends to make the reader participate in the reading process and literary creativity in order to gain further enjoyment. Poets who are capable of independent thinking and are innovatively creative, protect the symbols; and save them from daily obscenity and even gradual death and decadence. Nima and the followers of his literary theory emphasized two words; that is “balance” and “naturalness” in using the symbols. They made an effort to utilize the repetitive, old and obsolete symbols within new concepts in order to enrich poems; in addition to enriching their own stylistic theory. Some of the symbols enjoy a particular entity and internal value, due to their history or flexibility in conveying multiple meanings and also being more influential in different artistic levels; therefore we can regard them as super-symbols. For gaining a proper semantic concept of a literary work demands an appropriate interpretation and understanding of such super-symbols. “Water”, “ wind”, “ night”, “ wall”, “ mirror” etc are some of such symbols; frequently used in contemporary poetry. The transformation of these super-symbols is the main question of the present article. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Analysis of Approaches used in Researches on Nezami’s Books in the Persian Literary Books (1921- 2004)
خورشيد نوروزي غلامحسين غلامحسين‌زاده ابوالقاسم رادفر

The present research criticizes and surveys the process of researches made on Nezami’s works from different aspects and in a variety of fields including analysis, rewriting, text explanation, bibliography, finding verses, correlation and writing with a particular select More

The present research criticizes and surveys the process of researches made on Nezami’s works from different aspects and in a variety of fields including analysis, rewriting, text explanation, bibliography, finding verses, correlation and writing with a particular selection in mind. In brief, the approach used in researches made on Nezami, through the edit and compile of his life story and beliefs and general ideas all within a traditional approach, is changed into two fields; criticism and analysis of Nezami’s works in a modern style, and rewriting the poetries in the Panj-Ganj (five treasures). In the domain of criticism and analysis, the poetic verses of Khosro va Shirin has the most potential for criticism and analysis due to these reasons: high usage of expressive and rhetorical arts, the function of story elements in a modern style, the reflection of folk culture, and the presence of many allusions, and pleasant proverbs. And Nezami’s Book of Poetries (the major book of poetry known as Divan), possesses the least research due to lack of a reliable corrected text. In the field of rewritings, Leili and Majnoon- a versified story- has earned the highest attention of the adapters of Nezami’s works due to having a simple story plot, a heavenly love story and its high fame among the public. Makhzanol-Asrar, has not been noticed much due to its complicated language, its mystical themes, and having many narratives and stories. Manuscript profile

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11 - An analysis of the fictions stipulated in Persian Memories
حسن شاهی‌پور

Among the new literature works such as novels and stories, the fictions (tales, memories, anecdotes and …) fictions are regarded as the Persian past literature types. Fictions are defined as the works composed in animals’ tongue or in the form of syllabic verses aimed a More

Among the new literature works such as novels and stories, the fictions (tales, memories, anecdotes and …) fictions are regarded as the Persian past literature types. Fictions are defined as the works composed in animals’ tongue or in the form of syllabic verses aimed at amusing children. It might consists of the life stories of the poets, mystics and … which gradually developed and stipulated in memories books and other works with decorated prose. Fictions show the ups and downs of the poets’ life and their various literature, spirit, moral and thought dimensions. This article analyses and critics the main features of fictions from different dimensions in addition to defining the fictions. The present study can be applied in different sciences such as literature history, stylistics, literary criticism, figures of speech, and rhetoric and also it clarifies the unclear points in the literature history and reveals the details of the mentioned sciences. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Methodological analysis of the issue of literary influences in'Sokhan- va- Sokhanvarn' by Forouzanfar
Ahmad khatami Maryam Mosharraf-o-lmolk azam saadat

20.1001.1.17351030.1398.17.52.6.6

At the same time with Bakhtin's (1895-1975) drafting, in the early twentieth century, about "Logic of conversation” that provided the basis for the theory of Intertextuality in the 60s by Julia Christova(1941- ), Badiozzaman Forouzanfar(1899-1970) created a critical app More

At the same time with Bakhtin's (1895-1975) drafting, in the early twentieth century, about "Logic of conversation” that provided the basis for the theory of Intertextuality in the 60s by Julia Christova(1941- ), Badiozzaman Forouzanfar(1899-1970) created a critical approach in writing of Sokhan-O-Sokhanvaran (printed 1929-1933) that later Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob in his literary Criticism book referred to it as "Criticism of influence" (printed 1959). This study seeks to explain Forouzanfar's attempt in creating a coherent way of expressing the efficacy and influence in form and content in Persian poetry and to compare it with “criticism of influence”, introducing it as an independent critical approach. Forouzanfar, maneuvering on the old topic of plagiarism, changed it into an effective and practical tool to describe literary influences in the Persian poetry, and despite the distance from the theoretical origins of intertextuality, he applied similar concepts in analyzing literary relationships in poetry and determining the role and position of poets in the context of history. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Local color criticism of the novel The Fig Tree of Temples
Khadijeh Bahrami Rahnama

20.1001.1.17351030.1401.20.67.4.5

Local color criticism is one of the important approaches in literary criticism that examines the specific climate of a region and its influence on cultural, economic, political, geographical, etc components. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of those writers who has paid special at More

Local color criticism is one of the important approaches in literary criticism that examines the specific climate of a region and its influence on cultural, economic, political, geographical, etc components. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of those writers who has paid special attention to the climate of the south, and elements of climate criticism can be found in his works, including the fig tree of the temples. Therefore, the present essay has investigated the issue of local and environmental elements in the novel The Fig Tree of Temples with a descriptive and analytical method. The results of the research show that geographical and regional coordinates have an effect on the formation of the type of clothing, architecture, occupations and political developments, and also, the author has reflected extensively on native and local elements, idioms and proverbs in this novel. Local color elements and nature have caused the formation of many popular beliefs, including tying to trees, lighting candles, making sacrifices for trees, etc. The author of the novel has reflected the hot and humid weather and low rainfall in Khuzestan by using Local color imagery, and the nature and climate of the south has become the basis for the conflict between two traditional and modern societies. Ahmad Mahmoud has placed the arrival of foreigners and oil smugglers as a useful tool for people's awakening in this novel. Manuscript profile

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